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Konsep Ontologi ke dalam dua pendekatan: Semantik dan Pragmatik.

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  Jadi gini, ada dua cara kita bisa liat konsep Ontologi, yaitu dari sisi Semantik dan Pragmatik. Di gambar ini, dua sisi tersebut dibedakan dengan jelas. Semantik: Semua Tentang Detail Di sisi kiri, kita masuk ke dunia semantik. Bayangin ini kayak kita lagi bikin resep masakan yang super detail. Di sini, Ontologi itu yang ngatur bagaimana semuanya harus diformalisasi, diekspresikan, dan distrukturkan dengan rapi. Ontologi : Ini yang bikin semua jadi formal dan jelas. Bikin resep harus detail banget. Formalizes : Bikin aturan baku. Expresses : Menjelaskan dengan jelas. Structures : Menyusun dengan rapi. Konten : Ini bahan-bahan yang kita butuhin, dipecah jadi detail kecil-kecil. Granularity : Seberapa rinci bahan-bahan itu. Stuff : Hal-hal umum yang kita butuhin. Things : Barang-barang konkret kayak bahan-bahan masakan. Relationships : Hubungan antar bahan, kayak bawang merah cocok sama bawang putih. Pragmatik: Gimana Praktisnya? Sekarang, pindah ke sisi kanan, yaitu pragmatik. Di sini
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Ontology

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I. Definition Ontology is the investigation of being. It concentrates on a few related inquiries: What things exist? (stars yes, unicorns no, numbers . . . indeed?) What classifications do they have a place with? (are numbers physical properties or just thoughts?) Is there such an incredible concept as target reality? What does the verb "to be" mean? Some of these inquiries may appear to be agonizingly unique and not extremely helpful, but rather they are and dependably have been immensely essential to a few logicians, particularly to the individuals who put stock in foundationalism. Foundationalist savants trust that to touch base at truth it is important to begin with the most central issues—to make certain about the establishments of philosophy– and after that work our way up from that point to more particular inquiries. In the event that you trust in foundationalism, at that point presumably the most essential inquiries are ontological inquiries! Philosoph
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Definition of a Theory

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In quantitative research, some historical precedent exists for viewing a theory as a scientific prediction or explanation (see G. Thomas. 1997. for different ways of conceptualizing theories and how they might constrain thought). For example, the definition of a theory, such as the one by Kerlinger (1979), is still valid today. A theory is "a set of interrelated constructs (variables), definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining natural phenomena" (p. 64). In this definition, a theory is an interrelated set of constructs (or variables) formed into propositions, or hypotheses, that specify the relationship among variables (typically in terms of magnitude or direction). The systematic view might be an argument, a discussion, or a rationale, and it helps to explain (or predict) phenomena that occur in the world. Labovitz and Hagedorn (1971) add to this definition the idea
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Problem Statement

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Four wives and a husband •         What? •          Why? •          Where? •          When ? •          How?   In our example.. •          Online banking is a system that allows individuals to perform banking activities anywhere, anytime, via the internet •          Using this system, customers can make their transections rapidly without having to travel to the banks and the banks can save a lot of resources •          ABM bank have invested a lot of money in making this system available to its customers •          However its usage is not encouraging •          A study need to be done to identify the reasons for the low level of usage
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INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RESEARCH

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Social research is all around us. Educators, government officials, business managers, human service providers, and health care professionals make frequent use of social research findings. Many people use social research to raise children, reduce crime, improve health, sell products, or just understand life. Daily broadcast news programs, magazines, newspapers, and websites disseminate research results. Research findings can affect our lives and public policies. For example, a study that looked at the "summer slide" or decline in children's reading and spelling skills over the summer. The decline is greatest among low-income students who lose about two months of school learning each summer. At a time when many schools are cutting summer programs to save money, the study found that simply giving low-income children access to books at spring fairs and letting them pick books that most interested them reduced the summer reading gap. Low-income children given twelve books
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Glossary of Research

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Abstract A term with two meanings in literature reviews: a short summary of a scholarly journal article that usually appears at its beginning, and a reference tool for locating scholarly journal articles. Acceptable incompetent When a field researcher pretends to be less skilled or knowledgeable in order to learn more about a field site. (11) Accretion measures Nonreactive measures of the residue of the activity of people or what they leave behind. (9) Action research A type of applied social research in which a researcher treats knowledge as a form of power and abolishes the division between creating knowledge and using knowledge to engage in political action. (1) Alternative hypothesis A hypothesis paired with a null hypothesis stating that the independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable. (4) Analytic domain In domain analysis, a type of domain a researcher develops using categories or terms he or she developed to understand a social setting. (13) An
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CONCEPT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

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Introduction Based on Kamus Perdana (1997), culture means civilization, progress covering common sense way of life, ways of thinking and behavior, customs, beliefs, norms and values ​​shared by the members of the group. Culture depends on man's ability to learn and spread knowledge of this culture to the next generations. Robbins (1996) defines organizational culture as a common perception that adopted by the members of the organization. Organizational culture includes the practices, beliefs, assumptions, principles, the legends and norms that affect how a person is thinking, making decisions and carrying out tasks within an organization. Mohammed & Sagir (1998) defines organizational culture is a pattern of thoughts, feelings and reactions that exist in the organization or sub-its sector. The term refers to a system of shared meaning which refers to the values, beliefs, traditions, philosophy, heroes and regulations that are shared by members of the organization. Shar
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